2iE Incubator
2iE incubator is the first technological and social incubator in Burkina. Based in an engineering school and backed by 3 research laboratories, 2iE Incubator has been operational since 2012 and supports innovative projects and companies with a strong social and/or environmental impact. It facilitates the maturation of projects and offers managerial, technical, scientific and financial support. More specifically, the incubated project leader can access many services offered by the incubator, and its network of scientific, private and institutional partners. <p></p> Today, according to the needs of the project leader, 2iE incubator adapts the support formula offered, on site or remotely, according to an incubation collaboration contract drawn up with the entrepreneur supported. ). <p></p> 2iE incubator is also an accelerator and an incubator for companies already created wishing to quickly scale up and/or set up and domicile their activities on 2iE sites in order to benefit from preferential conditions. <mark>The objective is to help them scale up by accessing the financing vehicles best suited to their growth needs.</mark>
EtriLabs
EtriLabs, an ecosystem of entrepreneurs creating innovative solutions. An innovation ecosystem that educates young entrepreneurs and promotes excellence in Africa. EtriLabs is a project of Educational Technology and Research International (ETRI), a non-governmental organization 501 (c) (3) dedicated to the use of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD). <mark>EtriLabs helps developers, social entrepreneurs, NGOs, businesses and governments to create and / or use of innovative technological solutions.</mark>
Djanta Tech Hub
The technology campus designed to promote and enhance entrepreneurship, creativity and economic development through digital, technology, innovation and research. <p></p> Do you have a startup? Check it out with Djanta Tech Hub! <p></p> <mark>The Djanta Tech Hub technological campus, initiated by the Togolese government in collaboration with private partners, is designed to promote and value entrepreneurship, creativity and economic development through digital. technology, innovation and research.</mark> <p></p> As part of its approach to accompanying technology entrepreneurship and supporting innovation, Djanta Tech Hub is starting a process to identify startups in order to: <br> - Inviting you to become a member of Djanta Tech Hub and benefit from the various opportunities offered: Incubation, participation in events, getting in touch with potential partners, sharing useful and practical information to grow your business, etc. <br> - To establish statistics on the state of startups in Togo.
Minodoo
Minodoo community are a gathering of dynamic young people around the values of collaborative work, knowledge sharing, and citizen engagement through ICTs, but also youth entrepreneurship. In fact, it is a social innovation factory and a space for the appropriation of the computer tool. Within the Minodoo community, we advocate a horizontal and transparent way of working, while involving citizens in solving their daily problems. <mark>Minodoo’s primary asset is its multidisciplinary team. Coming from various backgrounds far from technology, they are all self-taught geeks and passionate about what they’re doing.</mark>
WoeLab
Open to all, the WoeLab, with its 1300m² of space, is an network of social incubators based in Lomé, Togo, where new approaches of productive collaboration and inclusive entrepreneurship in an African context. <p></p> <mark>WoeLab aims to welcome and accompany young people and unpack their potential by introducing them to the startup culture.</mark> <p></p> It includes various programs and startup initiatives within a radius of 1 km around WoeLab, addressing different urban issues; waste management (SCoPE), food and energy resources (Urbanattic), digital currency (Sys’Woe), etc. All of the projects are managed and owned collectively, making it possible to foreshadow pioneering digital collectivism in the critique of digital capitalism
SING SA
Gabon’s first digital incubator offers your startup execution support and innovative financing solutions. We are a private digital innovation services company. Our goal is to contribute to the competitiveness of African companies through digital transformation. We strive to remain as close as possible to African markets. As a result, we developed an expertise in innovation that is pragmatic and fits the highest standards. <p></p> OUR SERVICES <p></p> What we have for startups seeking financing and growth support through training and mentoring <p></p> Incubation<br> <mark>Our incubator provides execution support to startups at every stage of their development.</mark> <p></p> SING Capital<br> Our financial assistance allows early stage startups to reduce expenses and grow without worry. <p></p> What we have for companies and administrations maintaining their leadership position <p></p> Conseil<br> We run audits and help you innovate to add value to your organization and your strategy. <p></p> SING Logiciels<br> We design IT and engineering solutions that boost your digital transformation.
Mountain Hub
We germinate business ideas and attract the talent to execute. Entrepreneurs in Cameroon and Africa often struggle to find the capital or source expertise required to develop their idea into thriving businesses. Mountain Hub seeks to fix these issues by <mark>providing co-working spaces, accelerator programs, and mentorship opportunities.</mark> As a result, fintech-based startups can get the funding, training, and connections they need to transition from concept to implementation
Afkar
We consider the incubation as a privilege that allows you to take time to think about your project from an articulated approach with the proper resources. It is a support program that provides multiple means of testing hypotheses and bringing the action plan to real life. Our incubation program’s objective is to prepare the entrepreneurs for launching their projects on solid grounds. By the end of the program, the <mark>entrepreneurs would have developed their proof of concept while some would have developed their prototypes, and others would have even managed to acquire their first customer. The entrepreneurs’ projects will eventually be ready to take part in an acceleration program adapted to their needs.</mark> <p></p> Being part of Afkar Incubator’s journey requires taking time to think about one’s project from a structured approach while being accompanied by professionals. During these six months, you will be immersed in an atmosphere of collaborative intelligence, friendly environment, and a variety of experiences. you will mainly be working on: <br>– Formulating your value proposition <br>– Experimenting, testing, and validating your hypotheses <br>– Constructing your Business Plan <br>– Developing a Proof of Concept and a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) <br>– Developing your brand and increasing your notoriety <p></p><mark> Afkar Incubator is a free six-month program that is based in Tunis where the involvement of the incubated entrepreneurs varies upon the phases. It is essential to show up to Afkar Incubator’s workstation in the first and last weeks of the program. The entrepreneur must be able to devote around twenty hours per week to our program activities.</mark>
Grid Innovation and Incubation Hub
We created the GIIH, whose aim as a University innovation is fostering partnerships between industry, government, and our world-leading researchers, <mark>tackling some of the most important problems of our time through ingenious research and inspiring entrepreneurship education through collaboration that allows the sharing of ideas that will result in technological innovation and thus become business solutions hub.</mark> <p></p> Grid Innovation and Incubation Hub (GIIH) is a research, innovation, and entrepreneurship initiative that is hosted by the African Centre of Excellence in Energy for Sustainable Development (ACE-ESD) in the College of Science and Technology (CST) at the University of Rwanda. It is a World Bank-funded project.
Outbox Hub
As an Innovation hub based in Kampala, Uganda - We help new and upcoming African entrepreneurs interested in using technology to build high growth companies with co-working space, business incubation and technical training programs. <p></p> Through our partnerships, <mark>we help them raise money for their ventures and access markets. We also work with students, developers, researchers and organizations to build inclusive communities that entrepreneurs can tap into for talent and collaboration.</mark>
Makerere Innovation and Incubation Centre
Building what people need and want. We focus innovation and product development on the most pressing needs/demands to build viable solutions. MIIC facilitates the growth of innovative ideas into strong sustainable businesses. <p></p> Programs <p></p> MIIC Startup Dealflow <br> <mark>This is a 6 months dealflow incubation program for technology-enabled ideas in all sectors. For early stage early stage and later stage entrepreneurs seeking for product, business and market development support. Access top coaches, investors and networks of innovative founders. </mark> <p></p> Jumpstart Series <br> Meetup with established local business leaders, industry experts and alumni to share insights on early on company development, management and growth with local eco-system founders/entrepreneurs. Get inspired by the experiences of other founders from different spaces. <p></p> Investor Program <br> Beyond mentorship, we support startups with seed and growth investment past the incubation stage. We help founders prepare for investment and access to investment opportunities by private and public firms.
WenakLabs
WenakLabs is both, a Media Lab and a Tech Hub. We define ourselves as a space of collective intelligence and social innovation. Within WenakLabs, we defend a horizontal and transparent way of working, while involving citizens in solving the problems they encounter in their daily lives. It brings together multiple skills ranging from journalists, bloggers, computer scientists, managers, innovators to geeks of all kinds. Our goal is to contribute by all means to reduce the digital divide in Chad. We also object to <mark>promoting entrepreneurial culture, relying on ICT. We intend to achieve these objectives through training, incubation, and networking programs.</mark>
Chad Innovation
Chad Innovation represents a community of young volunteers, Chadians and foreigners, entrepreneurs, executives, students whose objective is to raise awareness, mobilize, engage and equip young Chadians to learn and explore careers in entrepreneurship to build a resilient generation. young Chadian leaders. <p></p> Incubator<br> A collaborative <mark>workspace that will allow young people to incubate their ideas and turn them into businesses</mark>. A hub for workshops, conferences, case studies and peer-to-peer sessions related to smart technology, business, society and infrastructure. <p></p> Crowdfunding<br> The organization of a major conference on participatory financing before the launch of the first participatory financing platform or "crowdfunding" in Chad. A means that will be used to finance young projects and to build a community of "business Angels" or pool of investors; <p></p> Coaching<br> The establishment of a mentoring system that will coach young people on real business projects and will also give the opportunity to any young executive to undertake through coaching sessions on concrete projects that he will entrust to young talents selected by the incubator; <p></p> Drivers<br> The launches of a few pilot programs <mark>(Hackathon, Bootcamp, training sessions, experimental Learning)</mark>
CIPMEN
Created in 2013 on the basis of a public-private partnership, the CIPMEN (Incubator Center for Small and Medium Enterprises in Niger), the first business incubator in Niger and one of the largest in West Africa. The main objective of the incubator thus created is to <mark>offer quality support to companies and carriers of ideas in the fields of digital technology,</mark> renewable energies, the environment, agribusiness and other sectors. contributing to sustainable development. <p></p> CIPMEN aims to support entrepreneurs in terms of business strategy, entrepreneurial capacity building and business management on their projects. <p></p> In order to better support our entrepreneurs, we have tailor-made coworking spaces.
Kebbi Innovation and Tech Hub
Kebbi Innovation and Tech Hub is a world class hub in the heart of Birnin Kebbi that brings ICT education, innovation and startup support to Kebbi State. <mark>The hub is equipped with state of the art training facilities, robotics labs, co-working space, privates offices, meeting rooms, dining areas at affordable rates.</mark> The hub also has a 24/7 power supply, blazing internet and a conducive and secured environment. The best hub so far in North west Nigeria by my experience!
Kada Hive Hub
We are Kada Hive Hub, a catalyst for creating a collaborative space and community where ideas ignite, business incubates and social change makers and entrepreneurs innovate. <mark>The Hub is a place for technologists, social entrepreneurs, government, tech companies, impact investors, and hackers in and around Kaduna to co-create new solutions to the many social problems in Nigeria.</mark> <p></p> Vision<br> Today, we are a leading Innovation Hub and Startup Incubator based in Kaduna with a global mindset. We continue to build an ecosystem of startups, mentors, global partners, corporates and government representatives that enable us to drive innovation and fill the gap between technology and industries in a human-centric way. We aim to collaborate and partner with more industry leaders as we continue to drive innovation in the startup industry and beyond. <p></p> Mission<br> Founded in 2021, Kada Hive Hub is built to “exploit the value for inclusivity”. Kada Hive Hub began with the vision to level the playing field for entrepreneurs, professionals, creatives, innovators and startups, regardless of their background, and help them positively impact their industries and communities through a business ecosystem and co-working space that nurtures and boosts the success of the diverse community it encompasses.
FabLab ENIT
The FabLab ENIT is a student club of ENIT, which was officially founded in September 2014. However, the FabLab space has been present since 2012, thanks in particular to European collaborative projects. In the dynamic, competitive and creativity-hungry industrial context, innovation is a key tool to meet market needs. Moreover, ENIT, as the oldest of Tunisian engineering schools, must take up this challenge and address this subject by providing adequate training to its students by providing an appropriate space. The objective of creating a FabLab is to <mark>democratize digital and personal manufacturing, to encourage individual creativity and to help the start-up of innovative companies by newly graduated engineers and to support their development.</mark> <P></P> Thanks to the efforts made by the school to materialize the upstream parts of the innovation process, an ENIT innovation platform, based on the i-Créa@ and DICAMP projects, was created within the framework of Euro-Mediterranean Tempus projects. . The FabLab ENIT is the most suitable space to encourage any form of innovation within ENIT. It is the most adapted to the pedagogical and technological context of the school. In addition, the school has the majority of the basic equipment to launch a globally recognized FabLab, enjoy all the advantages of belonging to the FabLab network, and even respond to calls for tenders at scale. international. <P></P> Supported by the school, the FabLab ENIT will have as its main objective to promote DIY (Do It Yourself) culture, to promote education in technical sciences and to democratize digital and personal manufacturing. This place dedicated to manufacturing will mainly host student projects of an academic or other nature. Ideally, the reception capacity could be extended to a limited number of users outside the school. The FabLab ENIT project is an ambitious project, which offers students an opportunity to develop the qualities sought in a future engineer, namely team spirit, respect for deadlines, curiosity, creativity.
Factory 619
First Startup Studio & Tech Innovation Hub in Tunisia. We build and host startups. We created Factory 619 with an idea in mind: Plugging a technology innovation hub into the Tunisian startups ecosystem. <p></p> Everything a startup needs: <p></p> <>-COWORKING SPACE<br> Our Factory is 700 square meters large, dedicated to freelancers, nomad workers and startups. It grants a mixed atmosphere of friendly collaboration with the efficiency of a well equipped office <p></p><mark>-INCUBATOR<br> We run intensive incubation programs providing support, mentorship, and resources to help early stage startups build solid MVPs and scale up their business. Startups are accepted in cohorts and the program culminates with a Demo Day.</mark> <p></p>-STUDIO SERVICES<br> Factory 619 provides Startup-Friendly services. Our lean pricing system takes into account your limited budget as a startup, allowing you to develop your MVP or extend your product growth without burning your cash <p></p>-OPEN INNOVATION<br> We help establish an in-house Startup Studio mindset inside an enterprise ecosystem to assist companies in their open innovation process preventing disruption
BIATLABS
BIATLABS is the BIAT incubator, a non-profit incubator that offers FREE mentorship to entrepreneurs, WITHOUT EQUITY and covers the incubation’s life cycle: Pre-incubation, incubation and post incubation. <p></p> Our vision,<br> <mark>Partner in excellence, our vision is to support the youth’s innovation and ambition as well as work towards an environment that is conducive to entrepreneurship, investment and business ultimately creating value to the Tunisian economy of tomorrow</mark> <p></p> Our values،<br> COMMITMENT, EXCELLENCE and IMPACT are our key words. <p></p> Our motto is to federate a community of entrepreneurs, partners, experts and to contribute to the development of the Tunisian entrepreneurial and economic ecosystem
Talent Hub Tunisia
Talent Hub is a space for gathering talent and sharing knowledge. Catalyst for synergies, Talent Hub opens the door to partnerships and networking via a coworking space, business training and incubation courses. <p></p> Concerned about the quality of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem, we thought about how we could contribute to its development. <p></p> Having noticed that people with project ideas are frequently confused because of a lack of support, network and possibly training, we thought of creating a structure that meets these needs. <p></p> This is how we created TALENT HUB, where we offer a framework conducive to grouping, gathering and sharing, to the development of ideas, partnerships and networking. <p></p> At TALENT HUB, we aim for an open and dynamic regional entrepreneurial fabric by contributing to the development of a community of innovative entrepreneurs. <p></p> Talent Hub proposes to play a key role in the regional and national ecosystem, by being the place of convergence of talents and ideas, thus allowing the development of skills, the blossoming of potential and the completion of projects. <p></p> <mark>Our vision aligns with changes in the global economy, society and environment, which drive our mission and values:<br> 01. Incubation Accompany project idea holders in the creative process. <p></p> 02. Coworking<br> Develop a community of entrepreneurs regardless of their field. <p></p> 03. Training<br> Train in the jobs of tomorrow such as IT, development and digital.</mark>
Lab'ess
Founded in 2012, just after the revolution, the Laboratory of Social and Solidarity Economy (Lab'ess) is an organization whose mission is to support the associative movement and to support social entrepreneurship as a lever for solidarity development, inclusive and sustainable. <p></p> The Lab’ess has been able to evolve and adapt to its context to act ever more effectively with the actors of change and increase its impact. <p></p> <mark>Today present in Tunis, within its collaborative workspace, outside the walls in the region and also in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, the Lab'ess, raises awareness, accompanies and finances all those who undertake in favor of the general interest through various innovative projects and programs.</mark> <p></p> The Lab'ess is a structure of PULSE, one of the SOS GROUP associations which carries out actions internationally.
Westerwelle StartupHaus Tunis
A beautiful green space in the heart of the city. WSH Tunis is Tunis’ first downtown coworking space and houses fast growing startups. Enjoy our services and embrace the challenges of building your business. <mark>Startup Haus Tunis is offering unique resources, local and international expertise and global opportunities for talented entrepreneurs in downtown Tunis.</mark> <p></p> Solutions <p></p> Desk <br> Your own desk for a day, week, or month. With all the benefits of a shared workspace, access to all our perks, a vibrant community and work experience. <p></p> Private Office <br> A dedicated space for you & your team. Give your co-workers their own beautiful space and enjoy all the perks that our co-working environment has to offer. <p></p> Room <br> Book a room for a meeting, class, or meetup. Create an exceptional meeting with our equipment and give your participants the experience they deserve. <p></p> Events <br> Host your event in style. Trainings, workshops or whatever you like: our spaces are designed to host small & big events, perfectly tailored to your needs.
El Space Community
We are a social innovation hub working on the partnerships between individuals, communities, governments, companies and NGOs who share a common interest and commitment for social impact. <p></p> Features <p></p> <mark>EL Fabspace for makers. <br> EL FABSPACE is a unique fablab concept in Tunisia. It is about open digital fabrication laboratories to inspire empower youth to turn their ideas into tangible innovations by giving them access to tools and resources including digital manufacturing technologies and machines. <p></p> The COWORKING space. <br> we provide a large and sunny space at the heart of Tunis. The space is the professional nest of innovators, entrepreneurs, startups, students, and organizations. <p></p> </mark> EL Wall project. <br> EL WALL is among EL SPACE’s first projects and it’s about getting the community living in and around the space to know each other and connect to each other in a very open and collaborative way. Feel free to download this resource and try it and let us know if you need help implementing it or any feedback that we need to do. <p></p> EL Events <br> Our venues are also available for everyone who would like to organize a community event. DO you have an event idea? Let's talk!
Dololo DoBox
Dololo DoBox offers Workhops, mentoring networking events, digital training and as well as project management for Start-up competitions, programmes and Corporate innovation projects <p></p> <mark>In addition to this, we connect organisations and leaders with the next generation of change-makers. Businesses engage with us to gain insights on trends, identify risks, access innovation and market views.</mark> <p></p> What can we do for you? <p></p> Pitchtraining in groups <br> In a small group together with like-minded young entrepreneurs we are practicing your pitch until its pitch-perfect! <p></p> Pitch Competition Prep <br> We are working with you individually before your pitch competition to make sure that both rhetoric and content are blowing the judges away! <p></p> Optimizing Pitchdeck <br> <mark>You have been in touch with an investor, who is interested in your business and asked for a pitchdeck? We can help you bring your business presentation to another level!</mark>
SatoshiCentre
It is a lab for learning new developments in the bitcoin space, including both second layer technology. <p></p> Mission <p></p> To mentor and train potential businesses and members of the fintech and blockchain community <p></p> To build an African blockchain hub that will incubate fintech and blockchain-based startups <p></p> To connect fintech and blockchain startups to investors with the aim of securing funding <p></p> To provide start-ups with access to funding in a stable environment where all stakeholders concerns are fulfilled <p></p> To provide online live pitch competitions where startups will be given an opportunity to pitch their ideas to onlive live investors <p></p> To select startups to be given an opportunity of being incubated at the SatoshiCentre Lab <p></p> To encourage collaboration between individuals, groups and startups in the fintech and blockchain industries <p></p> To explore fintech and blockchain use cases by actively identifying and developing selected business models for public use
Impact Hub Khartoum
Impact Hub Khartoum is an innovation lab, business Incubator and social enterprise community center that offers an entire ecosystem of resources, inspiration and collaboration opportunities for startups and SMEs. They are an incubator and accelerator with focus on social impact, youth engagement and innovation. <p></p> Vision <p></p> At Impact Hub Khartoum, we believe that the world’s greatest challenges will never be solved by one person or organization alone. We need to work together. That’s why we set out to create a thriving innovation ecosystem where people collaborate across organizations, cultures and generations to solve the grand challenges of our time <p></p> Solution <p></p> <mark>Impact Hub Khartoum is a catalyst to foster social innovation. We are a global community, consultancy and a creative space. We work at the intersection of innovation and society to collaboratively create impact with an entrepreneurial mindset.</mark> <p></p> Approach <p></p> Embedded in Design Thinking, we foster collaboration, unlock creativity and create innovative solutions: <br> - Inspire: challenging the status quo is possible – we do it every day. <br> - Connect: accessing a professional ecosystem of change makers and curating interaction across silos. <br> - Enable: we disrupt mindsets, share expertise and the necessary tools to create a better future for all. <br> - Experimental: Design thinking gives the participant permission to fail and to learn from their mistakes by encouraging an iterative development process
Junub Open Space
Junub are focused on programme development and capacity building of young entrepreneurs in their community. Junub Open Space is a community oriented initiative aiming at empowering and supporting Innovation among Youth. <mark>Our vision is to create a resilient South Sudan through our activities by every inch.</mark>
Scenius
We are a vibrant youth space that supports entrepreneurship, creativity, innovation, and collaboration amongst the youth in South Sudan. We act as a catalyst for empowering youth ventures in South Sudan. <p></p> Located in Hai Malakal Neighborhood of Juba, Scenius is at a central place and is accessible from multiple directions. Currently, the Hub has over 70 members from diverse backgrounds. The majority of them are <mark>young entrepreneurs who use the space as a launching pad for their various ideas and businesses. In its current form, the Hub offers an opportunity for the youth that is rarely found in South Sudan. </mark> <p></p> Our Hub has a serene co-working space equipped with wifi, power, and shared workstations. Through a partnership with Liquid Intelligent technologies, one of Africa’s largest fiber-optic network operators, the Hub provides complimentary high-speed internet access for over 20 visitors daily. People from different fields come and work as well as network at the space daily. <p></p> The programs within the hub also focus on supporting early-stage and scale-up stage startups with various business and management skills and mentorship to ensure the survival of the businesses. These programs are customized to suit the needs of and requirements of the South Sudan business ecosystem. <p></p> Our Community includes a diverse group of people from various fields and disciplines united under the umbrella of Scenius. The biggest value the community brings to space is the collaboration and sharing of knowledge that builds a strong collective vision. <p></p> See our membership that is made to suit the various levels of engagement and growth.
Emerging Business Factory
The Emerging Business Factory is the first private IT and Media incubator in the Marrakech-Safi region and the only one of its kind in Morocco. <p></p> <mark>Also a coworking space, the Emerging Business Factory was a former textile factory nestled in the industrial district of Sidi Ghanem, the industrial and creative culture hub of the ocher city.</mark>
Moroccan Center for Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship
Founded in 2012 by a group of people enthusiastic about social change in Morocco, the Moroccan Center for Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship (MCISE) is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to finding entrepreneurial and innovative solutions to every social challenge in Morocco. <p></p> <mark>We believe that supporting social entrepreneurs with system-changing ideas can provide benefits for Morocco and the wider global community.</mark> <p></p> In 2017, MCISE joined the Ashoka network of international change makers. <p></p> Our Vision <br> A world where innovative ideas and opportunities are at the service of the common good. <p></p>Our Mission <br> Find innovative and entrepreneurial solutions for every social challenge in Morocco.
Bridges to the Future
We exist to complete the existing entrepreneurial ecosystem by providing quality expertise to entrepreneurs but also to those involved in entrepreneurship (training, support, incubation, networking, etc.) <p></p> We aim to "Develop Fez, Morocco and Africa through responsible, necessary, autonomous, useful and sustainable companies" <p></p> <mark>Coworking space<br> After the launch of one of the first coworking in Fez, the first in Fez El Bali, Bridges To The Future launched the new concept of the business center in Fez with private offices and dedicated spaces <p></p> Entrepreneurship-innovation<br> Pack of services and programs at the service of project leaders or entrepreneurs (incubation, training, support, etc.) in partnership with local and international programs</mark>
Enactus
Enactus is a community of students and academic and business leaders committed to using entrepreneurship to improve lives and shape a better, sustainable world.<p></p> Our Vision and Goals: <mark><br> - In entrepreneurship - our ability to identify opportunities and our talent to transform them into value-creating projects; <br> - Action - our desire to take action, to set up concrete projects on the ground; <br> - Us - a community of professionals and educators supporting a new generation of young leaders to become agents of change.</mark>